Design and Construction of a Multifunctional Educational Mobile Robot for STEM Learning Based on Visual Programming Using ESP32

Mochamad Farid Fadhlulloh; I Gede Susrama Mas Diyasa; Basuki Rahmat

doi:10.59934/jaiea.v6i1.2637

Authors

Mochamad Farid Fadhlulloh UPN Veteran Jawa Timur
I Gede Susrama Mas Diyasa UPN Veteran Jawa Timur
Basuki Rahmat UPN Veteran Jawa Timur

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.59934/jaiea.v6i1.2637

Keywords:

ESP32, Educational Mobile Robot, Obstacle Avoidance, Line Follower, Visual Programming, STEM

Abstract

The limited availability of STEM learning media capable of interactively and affordably integrating cross-disciplinary concepts poses a significant barrier to STEM education implementation in Indonesian secondary schools. This study proposes and realizes a Multifunctional Educational Mobile Robot based on the ESP32 microcontroller that can be visually programmed using PictoBlox—a Scratch-based platform—as a solution to this gap. The system is designed to operate in four modes: Line Follower (TCRT5000 line sensor), Obstacle Avoidance (HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor), analog joystick control, and Android smartphone control via Bluetooth using the Dabble application. An aluminum chassis with Mecanum wheels enables omnidirectional movement that enriches the coverage of vector physics concepts. Systematic testing yielded quantitative data: the HC-SR04 sensor achieved a stable error of 2.80% across the 10–80 cm; the TCRT5000 sensor achieved 96.7% accuracy under standard conditions; Bluetooth communication maintained a latency of 118–122 ms with zero packet loss at 1–8 meters; and the success rates for Line Follower, Obstacle Avoidance, and Smartphone Control modes were 93.3%, 96.0%, and 97.0%, respectively. The system demonstrated full reliability during continuous 30-minute sessions. Pedagogical analysis confirmed that the four modes collectively cover all STEM domains, making this robot a comprehensive STEM learning media candidate for senior and vocational high school levels.

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